Edgar Morin, one of the most influential French intellectuals of the modern era, has died in Paris at the age of 104.
The philosopher and sociologist died on Friday, his family told French media.
Born in 1921 as Edgar Nahoum to a Jewish family with Greek roots, the young Parisian student joined the French Resistance against the Nazis, later becoming a communist, then a critical observer of all ideologies - and finally, one of the most renowned thinkers of his time.
Morin's experiences of war, persecution and existential threat profoundly shaped his thinking.
After 1945, Morin initially moved in communist intellectual circles before distancing himself from Stalinism.
He gained international renown for his theory of complex thought.
Opposing any form of reductionism, he held the view that reality consists of interconnections: between the individual and society, order and chaos, knowledge and uncertainty.
Morin was awarded honorary doctorates by 38 foreign universities and authored 40 works, many of which were translated.
Well into his old age, Morin remained a voice in the intellectual debate on contemporary issues: globalisation, ecology, conflicts and wars.
Morin was also well known in Germany for his book Germany's Year Zero, in which he described the post-war period and the birth of a new German society after the end of World War II.